[php-src] PR #23734: ext/sqlite3: hold the callback guard until the callback's values are gone

Pull Request: https://github.com/php/php-src/pull/23734 Author: iliaal GH-23650 made SQLite3::close() throw while a callback is running, but each callback wrapper dropped its re-entry counter as soon as the userland call returned, before the return value and arguments were converted and released. A destructor firing during that release still runs with sqlite3 on the stack, so it could close the database and finalize the statement being stepped, reaching the crash GH-23650 was meant to stop. Found while auditing the sibling in php/php-src#23728.